Money and Banking Class 12 MCQ with Answers. 1. The system, wherein trade can be carried out through the exchange of goods and services is called the: –. a) Barter system. b) Monetary system. c) Goods system. d) None of the above. Answer. 2.The company pays the IDP women based on their output. Each yard of weaved fabric earns them NGN 1,000 to 1,500 ($2.40 to $3.60). Some women weave two to three yards daily. “Ecobarter rented a large plot of land on which the recycling site is situated. The remaining portions of land are used by the women for farming,” explains Hauwa Mahmoud ...Double coincidence of wants means when both the parties – seller and purchaser – agree to sell and buy each other’s commodities. It implies that what a person desires to sell is exactly what the other wishes to buy. No money is used in such an arrangement. Therefore it is an essential feature of barter system. Question 2.Feb 6, 2018 · Eco Beginners Guide! Tips & Tricks included! - Outdated -. By Wolf Leader. This guide is to help those new to the game, or wanting to know some tricks to the game. Eco has some hidden tricks up its sleeves that newbies do not take advantage of, but this guide shall teach all! -note-This guide is a work in progress. 2. Chapter 3 – ‘Money and Credit’ of the NCERT Class 10 Economics deals with one of the most important aspects of the Economy, i.e., money and credit. Students will study money as a medium of exchange among people and how credit is distributed among the people in a country. Certain concepts, including Double Coincidence of Wants, Modern ... At a time when household energy consumption accounts for an estimated 20% of the U.S.'s total greenhouse gas emissions, an increasing number of communities around the country are going off the ...Professions. Professions are the general areas of expertise players can focus on within Eco. Inside a Profession, the player can choose among several Specialties. Professions help players coordinate their efforts by offering a basic structure for the various roles in the game. Skill Points are not needed to unlock professions.Jun 21, 2019 · The eco-friendly store, which opened June 15, features various products including canned goods, rice, school supplies, clothes, slippers, shoes, and toys. ... The Plastic Barter Store is open from ... Reach out to us via any of the means below. We will respond as soon as possible. Customer Support For customer support, Call; +2347043876287 or Chat with us Ecobarter Office Our office is at Plot 819 Kaura District, Abuja. What is Ecobarter? We are enabling households to use wastes as a currency- Reduce wastes, save money, Items to barter..NEW PICTURES ADDED & updated on 8-16-23. $0. Bergenfield, NJ Handyman Service For Women. $0. Mahwah (2) Winter Snow Sled ...1,671 Followers, 365 Following, 1,025 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Ecobarter | Sustainable Waste Management (@ecobarter)Get more customers for your eco-friendly business Ecobarter help businesses like yours reach more buying, eco-conscious customers without hassle Become a Merchant Contact us Start Selling on the Ecobarter Marketplace in these easy steps Create a store name Complete Signup form Upload your first product Add shipping details Start selling Give your customers flexible paymentPROJECT PROPOSAL FORM Project Title Eco-barter program. Trading goods with plastics. Objectives Eco-barter program is a scheme intended to trade goods to economically challenged citizens in exchange for plastics. Specifically, the program aims to: provide community members with goods for their contributions expand the ecological use of plastics, raise public awareness and engagement in ...1,671 Followers, 365 Following, 1,025 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Ecobarter | Sustainable Waste Management (@ecobarter) Aug 30, 2023 · Conclusion. NCERT Solutions for CBSE Class 12 Macro Economics Chapter 3 Money and Banking are now available in PDF format on Vedantu. Students can make use of these Solutions for Money and Banking to prepare for both board and competitive exams. All solutions are clear and accurate as they are prepared by subject experts. Get more customers for your eco-friendly business Ecobarter help businesses like yours reach more buying, eco-conscious customers without hassle Become a Merchant Contact us Start Selling on the Ecobarter Marketplace in these easy steps Create a store name Complete Signup form Upload your first product Add shipping details Start selling Give your customers flexible payment a. A parent gives a teenager a $10 bill in exchange for her babysitting services. b. A homeowner gives an exterminator a check for $50 in exchange for extermination services. c. A barber gives a plumber a haircut in exchange for the plumber fixing the barber's leaky faucet. d. All of the above are examples of barter. Jul 30, 2023 · Ecobarter is a platform to recycle and use your wastes as a currency. Request Pick up for your recyclable wastes: From the comfort of your homes, you can request pick up for your recyclable wastes like plastics, paper, cartons, nylons, metals etc and a designated last-mile collector will come to you on schedule days to collect, weigh and record the value of your wastes Find company research, competitor information, contact details & financial data for ECO BARTER SALE of Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. Get the latest business insights from Dun & Bradstreet. Dec 21, 2022 · Here are some Nigerian eco-companies that can assist you on your journey to sustainable living.. Ecobarter. Owned by a geoscientist, Rita Idehai, Ecobarter is a sustainable waste management company that makes it possible for households and organizations in Nigeria to conveniently choose responsible consumption and recycle their waste. It’s beginning to look a lot like Christmas! And this is one of the few seasons in the year when we're tempted to want to ''live a little'' and let our guard down on the eco-friendly habits we developed and sustained through the year. With single-use plastics everywhere, and plastic soft drink bottles calling ourAnswer: The following are the important functions of money: (i) Medium of Exchange: Money acts as an intermediary in the exchange transactions of goods and services. Money solves the problem of double coincidence of wants by acting as a medium of exchange for all goods and services. (ii) Unit of value: Money acts as a convenient unit of account ...Items to barter..NEW PICTURES ADDED & updated on 8-16-23. $0. Bergenfield, NJ Handyman Service For Women. $0. Mahwah (2) Winter Snow Sled ...Bartering is an action the player can perform with piglins to obtain various items. To barter with a piglin, either throw by dropping a gold ingot near an adult piglin or use a gold ingot on it. After the piglin takes the gold ingot and examines it for six seconds in Java Edition or eight seconds in Bedrock Edition, it tosses a random item to the player. Piglin brutes ignore gold ingots. Baby ... 2) In a barter system where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money, double coincidence of wants is an essential feature. a) False. b) True. Answer: Option (b) 3) In India, _____ issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government. a) Reserve Bank of India (RBI) b) Ministry of Finance. c) Finance Commission. d) None of the abovewith your fellow Citizens, complete with a government, economy, and culture. Work together to achieve society level goals, transforming the natural world while working to live in harmony with it. Eco is an online multiplayer game where players must collaborate to survive global threats, without creating one of their own in the process.Here are some Nigerian eco-companies that can assist you on your journey to sustainable living.. Ecobarter. Owned by a geoscientist, Rita Idehai, Ecobarter is a sustainable waste management company that makes it possible for households and organizations in Nigeria to conveniently choose responsible consumption and recycle their waste.Shift to Eco-friendly alternatives For individuals and businesses, we have a perfectly curated marketplace for ecofriendly products only. From paper and other compostable packaging products from businesses to bamboo, wheat straw and metal products for households.PROJECT PROPOSAL FORM Project Title Eco-barter program. Trading goods with plastics. Objectives Eco-barter program is a scheme intended to trade goods to economically challenged citizens in exchange for plastics. Specifically, the program aims to: provide community members with goods for their contributions expand the ecological use of plastics, raise public awareness and engagement in ... Sep 5, 2020 · At the beginning of COVID-19-related economic disruption, Tammy Calhoun started Ventura Free Barter and Trade, a Facebook group dedicated to cash-free transactions in the Ventura area. LOOK | The Green Exchange: I am changed - I Exchange! The Department of Environment and Natural Resources RSCIG and Environmental Management Bureau IX... View Homework Help - ANSWER PAST YEAR JUNE 2018 ECO531.docx from ECO 531 at Universiti Teknologi Mara. Question 1 a) Define barter system. Explain how the use of money contributes to economic Attention YOUTH of Barangay Tugar! Within this month, KEEP UPDATED WE WILL RESUME OUR "ECO-BARTER PROGRAM" (This program was successfully launched since 2018) We have remaining supplies pero... Barter is the act of trading goods or services between two or more parties without the use of money (or a monetary medium, like a credit card ). In essence, bartering involves the provision of one ...A) immiserizing growth. Immiserizing growth refers to: B) a decrease in the welfare of a nation with growth. Endogenous growth theory : B) advocates international trade because of the resulting increase of economic growth and development of participating nations. Assume in base year 1990, the commodity or net barter terms of trade is equal to ... In order for there to be no money and no barter, there has to be no scarcity. Which means vastly higher or lower technology. Money exist to solve the problem of barter, which is that to a drowning man water is useless and to someone dying of thirst nearly infinite in its value, and both of them would sorta like to have eggs tomorrow morning.LOOK | The Green Exchange: I am changed - I Exchange! The Department of Environment and Natural Resources RSCIG and Environmental Management Bureau IX... Copper River sockeyes. 8/30 · St paul. hide. •. Barter my 05 sebring convertible low miles for a 4dr hardtop. 8/30 · harris mn.Sep 27, 2022 · The company pays the IDP women based on their output. Each yard of weaved fabric earns them NGN 1,000 to 1,500 ($2.40 to $3.60). Some women weave two to three yards daily. “Ecobarter rented a large plot of land on which the recycling site is situated. The remaining portions of land are used by the women for farming,” explains Hauwa Mahmoud ... Money and Banking Important Questions for class 12 economics Barter System and Money. 1. Barter System: It is a system of exchange, where goods are exchange for goods, also known as c-c economy. Where c stands for commodity. 3. Evolution of Money: Money finds its origin to facilitate the need of exchange. Earlier under barter system, people ...On this #EarthDay, we want to appreciate all our volunteers who have been investing their time and energy in the planet. Swipe to see more in action... #Investinourplanet #gogreen #planet... a. Money could be easily stored as compared to the goods that were received in exchange in a barter system. So it acted as a store of value. b. Deferred payments have become much easier with the introduction of money. Loans can be repaid in a much better way as compared to the barter system. It overcame the following shortcomings of the barter ... Answer: Barter is a system of exchange in which goods and services are directly traded for other goods and services without the mediation of money. Question 3. Define bank money. Answer: Bank money mainly means cheques and bank drafts. Question 4. Give two demerits of money.Jan 27, 2021 · Money and Banking Class 12 MCQs Questions with Answers. Question 1. What is the defect of the barter system? (A) Lack of double coincidence of wants. (B) Difficulty in the measurement of value. (C) Difficulty in store of value. (D) All of these. Answer. Question 2. Nov 18, 2019 · Bartering is the act of trading one good or service for another without using a medium of exchange such as money. A bartering economy differs from a monetary economy in a variety of ways. The primary difference is that goods or services are exchanged immediately, and the exchange is reciprocal, meaning it’s a negotiated or fair trade, with ... Ecobarter is a platform to recycle and use your wastes as a currency. Request Pick up for your recyclable wastes: From the comfort of your homes, you can request pick up for your recyclable wastes like plastics, paper, cartons, nylons, metals etc and a designated last-mile collector will come to you on schedule days to collect, weigh and record the value of your wastesMoney and Banking Class 12 MCQ with Answers. 1. The system, wherein trade can be carried out through the exchange of goods and services is called the: –. a) Barter system. b) Monetary system. c) Goods system. d) None of the above. Answer. 2.Barter | 28 followers on LinkedIn. Zarabiaj wypożyczając nieużywane rzeczy | Zbieramy wszystko, co da się wypożyczyć w jednym miejscu.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Corporate Bonds, taxation of Treasury Bonds, municipal bonds and more.Double coincidence of wants means when both the parties – seller and purchaser – agree to sell and buy each other’s commodities. It implies that what a person desires to sell is exactly what the other wishes to buy. No money is used in such an arrangement. Therefore it is an essential feature of barter system. Question 2.Money and Credit Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Economics Chapter 3 Short Answers Type. Question 1. Dhananjay is a government employee and belongs to a rich household whereas Raju is a construction worker and comes from a poor rural household. Both are in need and wish to take loan. Create a list of arguments explaining who between the two ...Get more customers for your eco-friendly business Ecobarter help businesses like yours reach more buying, eco-conscious customers without hassle Become a Merchant Contact us Start Selling on the Ecobarter Marketplace in these easy steps Create a store name Complete Signup form Upload your first product Add shipping details Start selling Give your customers flexible paymentMeet The Team. Ecobarter is a sustainable waste management company making it possible for households and organizations in Nigeria to conveniently choose responsible consumption and recycle their wastes. To address the problem of overconsumption, indiscriminate waste management and poverty in Nigeria, we provide an integrated platform where ... A) immiserizing growth. Immiserizing growth refers to: B) a decrease in the welfare of a nation with growth. Endogenous growth theory : B) advocates international trade because of the resulting increase of economic growth and development of participating nations. Assume in base year 1990, the commodity or net barter terms of trade is equal to ... The basic distinction between narrow and broad money is the. (a) treatment of post office deposits. (b) treatment of time deposits of banks. (c) treatment of savings deposits of banks. (d) treatment of currency. Ans: (b) 5. Read the following dialogue between two people: Sita : I want 1 kg of potatoes.Dec 7, 2019 · Money and Banking Important Questions for class 12 economics Barter System and Money. 1. Barter System: It is a system of exchange, where goods are exchange for goods, also known as c-c economy. Where c stands for commodity. 3. Evolution of Money: Money finds its origin to facilitate the need of exchange. Earlier under barter system, people ... THE CITY OF NAGA ECO-BAG. As part of the information and education campaign to raise awareness on the NO SINGLE-USE PLASTIC POLICY, the Naga-Barter Shop now offers City of Naga Eco-Bags as one of the items that can be redeemed for the plastic waste exchange.View Homework Help - ANSWER PAST YEAR JUNE 2018 ECO531.docx from ECO 531 at Universiti Teknologi Mara. Question 1 a) Define barter system. Explain how the use of money contributes to economic Barter | 28 followers on LinkedIn. Zarabiaj wypożyczając nieużywane rzeczy | Zbieramy wszystko, co da się wypożyczyć w jednym miejscu. 1,671 Followers, 365 Following, 1,025 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Ecobarter | Sustainable Waste Management (@ecobarter) Apr 26, 2021 · Traditional Economy Definition. In traditional economies, fundamental economic decisions, such as the production and distribution of goods and services, are determined by tradition and societal needs rather than by their potential for monetary profit. People in societies with traditional economies typically trade or barter instead of using ... 1. Create Account Download the Ecobarter app on play store 2. Request Pickup Sort your wastes & request doorstep pick up anytime 3. Earn Points Earn points everytime we pick up from you 4. Redeem Points Withdraw, transfer, donate or shop with your points We collect Plastics Papers Metals Plastics Papers Metals Plastics Papers MetalsIn a barter economy, every seller is essentially a buyer. If they sell their produce for money, the money will promptly be spent against other goods. Money is merely a convenient medium of exchange avoiding the leakages of barter and nothing more. Thus, the law though framed in terms of a barter economy held true for an economy using money also. Sep 30, 2019 · 6. Which one of the following is an essential feature of the barter system? (a) It promotes local market. (b) It spreads social field of an individual. (c) It requires double coincidence of wants. (d) It is an easy way. 7. Which one of the following terms is not included against loans? [CBSE CCE 2012] (a) Interest rate (b) Collateral (c ... Early ECO gameplay introduces the Barter System, but how to get the most money of it? How to transition to Global Currency? The Barter System pricing guide...The exchange of resources and services in Eco is based on an entirely player-created economic system. Unlike most games which only allow players to buy and sell items, Eco allows players to handle the exchange of resources, items, work/labor and other services in a store, a contract board, and via other objects.Apr 26, 2021 · Traditional Economy Definition. In traditional economies, fundamental economic decisions, such as the production and distribution of goods and services, are determined by tradition and societal needs rather than by their potential for monetary profit. People in societies with traditional economies typically trade or barter instead of using ... Central Bank: project on indian banking system for class 12. Central Bank is an ‘Apex’ body that controls, operates, regulates, and directs the entire banking and monetary structure of the country. It is known as the apex (Supreme) body as it occupies the topmost position in the financial and banking system of the country.Nov 2, 2021 · In order for there to be no money and no barter, there has to be no scarcity. Which means vastly higher or lower technology. Money exist to solve the problem of barter, which is that to a drowning man water is useless and to someone dying of thirst nearly infinite in its value, and both of them would sorta like to have eggs tomorrow morning. Sep 4, 2021 · Answer: (1) Deposits are beneficial to the depositers as mentioned below : Banks accept the deposit and pay as interest rate on the deposits. Money is safe with the bank. People (depositors) may withdraw the money as and when they require. Depositors may make payments through cheques instead of cash. Barter Exchange. Apart from very primitive societies, a pure barter economy is very rare. Even in societies with cash, there is often the concept of debt, paying later or just mutual sharing in a co-operative style societies. However, even in modern life, barter sometimes takes place. It is a way to avoid transaction costs Jan 27, 2021 · Money and Banking Class 12 MCQs Questions with Answers. Question 1. What is the defect of the barter system? (A) Lack of double coincidence of wants. (B) Difficulty in the measurement of value. (C) Difficulty in store of value. (D) All of these. Answer. Question 2. Food is one of the basic human necessities however, hunger is still one of the world’s most urgent development challenges. Over 795 million (12.9%) people of the world’s population do not have enough food to eat (food aid foundation). Food gives us the necessary nutrients needed to stay healthy and grow, food also supplies usSo how much can you automate in this game? Or how much automation is planned to get added into the game as it is still early access. Automation is one of my favourite things in games like these when you in the end can look at your giant machine that can harvest and craft anything you want while you don't have to lift a finger. 10. Dec 7, 2019 · Money and Banking Important Questions for class 12 economics Barter System and Money. 1. Barter System: It is a system of exchange, where goods are exchange for goods, also known as c-c economy. Where c stands for commodity. 3. Evolution of Money: Money finds its origin to facilitate the need of exchange. Earlier under barter system, people ... On this #EarthDay, we want to appreciate all our volunteers who have been investing their time and energy in the planet. Swipe to see more in action... #Investinourplanet #gogreen #planet... Apr 26, 2021 · Traditional Economy Definition. In traditional economies, fundamental economic decisions, such as the production and distribution of goods and services, are determined by tradition and societal needs rather than by their potential for monetary profit. People in societies with traditional economies typically trade or barter instead of using ... Barter is the act of trading goods or services between two or more parties without the use of money (or a monetary medium, like a credit card ). In essence, bartering involves the provision of one ...Bartering is an action the player can perform with piglins to obtain various items. To barter with a piglin, either throw by dropping a gold ingot near an adult piglin or use a gold ingot on it. After the piglin takes the gold ingot and examines it for six seconds in Java Edition or eight seconds in Bedrock Edition, it tosses a random item to the player. Piglin brutes ignore gold ingots. Baby ...Our monetary policy is fixed around The LUMI standard wherein each LUMI note is underwritten by 100kWh of solar energy and pegged against 4 grains of gold (0.2592 grams). This policy allows our global African Currency to combat against carbon emissions while achieving both meaningful economic transformation and monetary prowess.PROJECT PROPOSAL FORM Project Title Eco-barter program. Trading goods with plastics. Objectives Eco-barter program is a scheme intended to trade goods to economically challenged citizens in exchange for plastics. Specifically, the program aims to: provide community members with goods for their contributions expand the ecological use of plastics, raise public awareness and engagement in ... Central Bank: project on indian banking system for class 12. Central Bank is an ‘Apex’ body that controls, operates, regulates, and directs the entire banking and monetary structure of the country. It is known as the apex (Supreme) body as it occupies the topmost position in the financial and banking system of the country.Store. Allows the selling and trading of items. The Store allows you to trade goods with other players. Eco utilizes a bartering system that trades items for items. To set up a trade, right click on the store inside of the building and set the price for a good (designated as the item under the 'Price' half of the trade screen) and the good for ... Foundation - Ecobarter We are Empowering women to transform wastes into resources We provide under-served, mostly internally displaced women with training and resources to transform otherwise waste materials into new resources to build back their lives better Learn more Our Vision To be a leader in transitioning to a world without waste.Answer: The following are the important functions of money: (i) Medium of Exchange: Money acts as an intermediary in the exchange transactions of goods and services. Money solves the problem of double coincidence of wants by acting as a medium of exchange for all goods and services. (ii) Unit of value: Money acts as a convenient unit of account ...Question 7 0 / 1 pts If Anaheim Bank has excess reserves, it can lend some of these to Beach Bank for 1 day at the __________ rate. World Bank Correct Answer federal funds You Answered Anaheim Bank’s business loan. Beach Bank’s business loan The answer can be found in Chapter 12, Section 12.4, The Federal Reserve Structure and the Money Supply.Dec 7, 2019 · Money and Banking Important Questions for class 12 economics Barter System and Money. 1. Barter System: It is a system of exchange, where goods are exchange for goods, also known as c-c economy. Where c stands for commodity. 3. Evolution of Money: Money finds its origin to facilitate the need of exchange. Earlier under barter system, people ... PROJECT PROPOSAL FORM Project Title Eco-barter program. Trading goods with plastics. Objectives Eco-barter program is a scheme intended to trade goods to economically challenged citizens in exchange for plastics. Specifically, the program aims to: provide community members with goods for their contributions expand the ecological use of plastics, raise public awareness and engagement in ...
On this #EarthDay, we want to appreciate all our volunteers who have been investing their time and energy in the planet. Swipe to see more in action... #Investinourplanet #gogreen #planet.... Daisy and storm knitting patterns
Attention YOUTH of Barangay Tugar! Within this month, KEEP UPDATED WE WILL RESUME OUR "ECO-BARTER PROGRAM" (This program was successfully launched since 2018) We have remaining supplies pero... Dec 21, 2022 · Here are some Nigerian eco-companies that can assist you on your journey to sustainable living.. Ecobarter. Owned by a geoscientist, Rita Idehai, Ecobarter is a sustainable waste management company that makes it possible for households and organizations in Nigeria to conveniently choose responsible consumption and recycle their waste. Business-Marketing-Finance-Management 4 Green Street UB3 1JS, Uxbridge UK 07715611428 [email protected] LO1. Background and Resources Eco Barter is a social enterprise that provides a waste recycling service to individuals and small firms.Bartering is an action the player can perform with piglins to obtain various items. To barter with a piglin, either throw by dropping a gold ingot near an adult piglin or use a gold ingot on it. After the piglin takes the gold ingot and examines it for six seconds in Java Edition or eight seconds in Bedrock Edition, it tosses a random item to the player. Piglin brutes ignore gold ingots. Baby ... Meaning of Barter System: Barter system is a system of exchanging goods or services for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money. For example, a farmer cultivating wheat would exchange wheat to get rice or clothes, teachers used to get food in exchange for knowledge. Limitations of Barter System:The basic distinction between narrow and broad money is the. (a) treatment of post office deposits. (b) treatment of time deposits of banks. (c) treatment of savings deposits of banks. (d) treatment of currency. Ans: (b) 5. Read the following dialogue between two people: Sita : I want 1 kg of potatoes.Barter Exchange. Apart from very primitive societies, a pure barter economy is very rare. Even in societies with cash, there is often the concept of debt, paying later or just mutual sharing in a co-operative style societies. However, even in modern life, barter sometimes takes place. It is a way to avoid transaction costs Blank 1: patents or patent. Blank 2: copyrights or copyright. Blank 3: trademarks, trademark, trade marks , or trade mark. The most important consequence of property rights is that they ______. encourage cooperation by ensuring that only mutually agreeable economic transactions take place.view accomplishment report sample format.docx from aa 1philippine youth development plan 2017-2022 local youth development plans monitoring form barangay level ay _2021_ part i: sangguniang kabataan Copper River sockeyes. 8/30 · St paul. hide. •. Barter my 05 sebring convertible low miles for a 4dr hardtop. 8/30 · harris mn.Sep 5, 2020 · At the beginning of COVID-19-related economic disruption, Tammy Calhoun started Ventura Free Barter and Trade, a Facebook group dedicated to cash-free transactions in the Ventura area. Sep 27, 2022 · The company pays the IDP women based on their output. Each yard of weaved fabric earns them NGN 1,000 to 1,500 ($2.40 to $3.60). Some women weave two to three yards daily. “Ecobarter rented a large plot of land on which the recycling site is situated. The remaining portions of land are used by the women for farming,” explains Hauwa Mahmoud ... So, if eco-merchants join the Pi Network to participate in barter, it can obviously solve the crisis of this weak market. The real estate, automobile, commodities, daily necessities, tourism, and hotel service industries will be stimulated. As an accountant, I know that customers do not pay immediately; they all need 15 days to 1 month to pay.Barter oferuje szeroki wybór rzeczy obok Ciebie w przystępnych cenach. Nie kupuj rzeczy, których nie potrzebujesz na co dzień - wypożycz! Barter Umożliwia..